1

Table 1. Marginal effects of determinants of labour force status, network based approach model (model 1)

	Part-time employed %	Full-time employed %	Not-employed %
Age	-0.9	6.4*	-5.5*
Female	7.6	-6.5	-1.1
Less than Year 12	10.3	-8.2	-2.1
Trade	5.9	3.1	-9.0*
Degree	2.8	10.1	-12.9*
Rural	0.5	-4.5	4.0
Poor health	-8.5	-19.1	27.6
Migrant from ESB country	-0.8	4.6	-3.8
Migrant from NESB country	2.3	0.5	-2.8
Partner	-2.0	-0.7	2.7
Partner*female	1.8	-16.6	14.7
Partner working	-12.2	28.7*	-16.5*
Partner working*female	17.6	-10.1	-7.5
Number children	-5.9	5.9	0.0
Number children*female	15.7*	-29.5*	13.8*
Percentile of socioeconomic disadvantage (least to most disadvantaged)
76 to 90 percentile	-3.4	-4.2	7.6
51 to 75 percentile	-4.3	1.6	2.7
26 to 50 percentile	-4.3	1.7	2.7
11 to 25 percentile	-0.6	-1.4	2.0
1 to 10 percentile	1.4	-20.7*	19.3*
Friends employed	0.2	32.0*	-32.1*
Informal realm
Trust and reciprocity in informal networks	1.7	0.7	-2.4*
Number of friends	0.0	-0.1	0.1*
Number of relatives and in-laws	0.0	-0.1	0.1
Density of friendship network
A few or some friends know each other	2.2	1.7	-3.9
Friends mostly know each other or all know each other	-2.9	6.2	-3.3
Educational diversity of friendship network
Somewhat mixed levels of education	5.6	-3.9	-1.6
Very mixed levels of education	7.2	-4.8	-2.4
Linguistic diversity of friendship network	4.6	-0.6	-4.0
Generalised realm
Perception of generalised reciprocity	-0.4	0.8	-0.5
Generalised trust	-0.7	1.3	-0.6
Trust of people in neighbourhood	1.9*	-0.7	-1.2
Perception of reciprocity among people in neighbourhood	-0.7	-1.2	2.0*
Number of group memberships	0.1	0.1	-0.2
Institutional realm
Confidence in institutions	0.7	-2.1	1.4
Breadth of institutional ties	-0.3	3.6*	-3.3*
Base case probabilities	23.0	55.9	21.1

Notes: Estimates are restricted to the working age population (18 to 64 years). The base probabilities in the last row indicate what the probability is that a reference person is in the various labour force states. The marginal effects in the other rows indicate the change in this probability from a change in the respective explanatory variables. Since the reference person is still in one of the labour force states, the marginal effects must sum to zero in each row. * denotes that the marginal effect is significant at the 5 per cent significance level.

Source: Families, Social Capital and Citizen Project, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2001.

Table 2. Marginal effects of determinants of labour force status, social capital type (model 2)

	Part-time employed	Full-time employed	Not-employed
	Per cent
Social capital clusters
Social capital rich	-1.0	2.5	-1.6
Informal emphasised	-8.4*	11.1*	-2.6
Social capital poor	6.1	-10.9	4.8
Base case probabilities	23.0	55.8	21.2

Source: Families, Social Capital and Citizen Project, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2001.

Table 3. Predicted labour force status by social capital type

	Social capital type
	Social capital rich	Strong norms and civic connections	Informal emphasised	Social capital poor
	Per cent
Labour force status
Part-time	23.6	24.6	16.2	30.9
Full-time	56.4	53.8	64.8	42.9
Not employed	20.0	21.6	18.9	26.1

Notes: The predicted probability of being in each labour force state is calculated by setting the non-social capital variables to their sample average and then varying the social capital group type holding all other variables constant at their sample average.

Source: Families, Social Capital and Citizen Project, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2001.

Table 4. Marginal effects of determinants of job search method used, employed respondents, core social capital measures (model 3)

	Advertisement	Direct contact with employer	Family or friends	Professional contact
Age	1.4	-1.2	-1.0	0.7
Female	5.6	-6.9	-0.2	1.4
Less than Year 12	-1.9	12.5	-0.3	-10.3
Trade	-2.5	5.0	-1.7	-0.7
Degree	5.9	-0.3	-15.2*	9.6
Rural	-9.6	13.1	-10.8*	7.3
Poor health	-13.1	29.6	-3.4	-13.1
Migrant from NESB country	11.2	-7.0	-0.6	-3.5
Migrant from ESB country	-3.4	15.8*	-5.0	-7.3
Unemployed in last two years	3.8	8.9	1.4	-14.1*
Percentile of socioeconomic disadvantage (least to most disadvantaged)
76 to 90 percentile	-5.2	13.4*	-5.7	-2.5
51 to 75 percentile	-11.4*	11.2	4.0	-3.8
26 to 50 percentile	2.1	3.2	0.6	-5.9
11 to 25 percentile	-0.6	5.5	-8.0	3.1
1 to 10 percentile	5.4	1.0	-7.8	1.4
Friends employed	2.8	-7.1	3.7	0.6
Informal realm
Trust and reciprocity in informal networks	0.5	-0.7	0.3	-0.1
Number of friends	-0.1	0.1	0.0	-0.1
Number of relatives and in-laws	0.0	0.1	-0.2	0.1
Density of friendship network
A few or some friends know each other	0.1	-7.8	-5.5	13.2
Friends mostly know each other or all know each other	0.3	-7.0	-5.4	12.1
Educational diversity of friendship network
Somewhat mixed levels of education	-5.1	-0.3	9.8*	-4.4
Very mixed levels of education	-13.0*	-3.6	15.2*	1.3
Linguistic diversity of friendship network friends	-1.1	4.9	3.6	-7.5
Generalised realm
Perception of generalised reciprocity	-2.6	0.3	0.3	2.0
Generalised trust	0.6	-1.0	-0.1	0.5
Trust of people in neighbourhood	-0.7	-0.6	1.2	0.2
Perception of reciprocity among people in neighbourhood	0.9	-0.1	0.4	-1.3
Number of group memberships	0.3	-0.1	-0.5	0.3
Institutional realm
Confidence in institutions	-1.1	2.1	0.2	-1.2
Breadth of institutional ties	-0.5	-0.8	-1.1	2.3*
Base case probabilities	31.5	28.1	15.3	25.1

Source: Families, Social Capital and Citizen Project, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2001.

Table 5. Marginal effects of determinants of job search method used, employed respondents, social capital type (model 4)

	Job search method
	Advertisement	Direct contact with employer	Family or friends	Professional contact
	Per cent
Social capital clusters
Social capital rich	-4.0	5.9	-4.2	2.3
Informal emphasised	-7.0	-1.9	-1.4	10.2*
Social capital poor	5.3	-3.6	13.4	-15.1*
Base case probabilities	30.2	28.5	15.3	26.0

Source: Families, Social Capital and Citizen Project, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2001.

Table 6. Predicted job search method by social capital type

	Social capital type
	Social capital rich	Strong norms and civic connections	Informal emphasised	Social capital poor
	Per cent
Advertisement	28.4	32.5	26.3	35.3
Direct approach to employers	39.3	32.2	31.2	25.9
Family and friends	13.3	17.9	16.9	31.6
Workmates or professional contacts	19.0	17.4	25.7	7.2

Source: Families, Social Capital and Citizen Project, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2001.

Appendix B. Summary statistics for estimates of determinants of labour force status

	Mean	Standard deviation
Age	42.045	11.400
Age²	1897.624	964.978
Female	0.694	0.461
Less than Year 12	0.252	0.435
Trade	0.201	0.401
Degree	0.404	0.491
Rural	0.207	0.405
Poor health	0.035	0.184
Migrant from NESB country	0.116	0.320
Migrant from ESB country	0.129	0.336
Partner	0.704	0.457
Partner*female	0.509	0.500
Partner working	0.642	0.480
Partner working*female	0.482	0.500
Number children	0.730	1.065
Number children*female	0.562	0.990
Percentile of socioeconomic disadvantage (least to most disadvantaged)
76 to 90 percentile	0.243	0.429
51 to 75 percentile	0.215	0.411
26 to 50 percentile	0.157	0.364
11 to 25 percentile	0.116	0.320
1 to 10 percentile	0.069	0.254
Friends employed	0.785	0.285
Trust and reciprocity in informal networks	8.471	1.280
Perception of generalised reciprocity	6.926	1.586
Generalised trust	6.393	1.945
Trust of people in neighbourhood	7.220	1.997
Perception of reciprocity among people in neighbourhood	6.671	2.212
Confidence in institutions	5.160	1.488
Number of friends	30.609	32.717
Number of relatives and in-laws	25.987	22.688
Number of group memberships	4.524	6.540
Breadth of institutional ties	3.740	2.149
Education diversity of friendship network
Somewhat mixed levels of education	0.588	0.492
Very mixed levels of education	0.186	0.389
Density of friends network
A few or some friends know each other	0.488	0.500
Friends mostly know each other or all know each other	0.397	0.490
Linguistic diversity of friendship network	0.182	0.267
Strong norms and civic connections	0.546	0.498
Social capital rich	0.199	0.400
Social capital poor	0.070	0.255
Number of observations	1113

Appendix C. Multinomial logit estimates of determinants of labour force status

Table C1. Coefficient estimates of determinants of labour force status, core social capital measures model (model 1)

	Full-time employed		Not employed
	Coefficient	T-stat	Coefficient	T-stat
Age	0.1541	2.29	-0.2286	-3.22
Age²	-0.0022	-2.64	0.0030	3.51
Female	-0.4671	-1.18	-0.4065	-0.88
Less than Year 12	-0.5575	-1.87	-0.5068	-1.68
Trade	-0.1867	-0.61	-0.7336	-2.29
Degree	0.0589	0.21	-0.7666	-2.5
Rural	-0.1025	-0.41	0.1612	0.61
Poor health	0.0424	0.07	1.3133	2.37
Migrant from NESB country	0.1140	0.39	-0.1590	-0.49
Migrant from ESB country	-0.0873	-0.33	-0.2336	-0.79
Partner	0.0708	0.13	0.2134	0.34
Partner*female	-0.3814	-0.62	0.6233	0.9
Partner working	1.0780	2.03	-0.2106	-0.33
Partner working*female	-0.9387	-1.53	-1.1182	-1.58
Number children	0.3599	1.11	0.2551	0.66
Number children*female	-1.2122	-3.63	-0.0301	-0.08
Percentile of socioeconomic disadvantage (least to most disadvantaged)
76 to 90 percentile	0.0750	0.28	0.4807	1.55
51 to 75 percentile	0.2257	0.8	0.3237	0.98
26 to 50 percentile	0.2315	0.73	0.3242	0.9
11 to 25 percentile	-0.0005	0	0.1156	0.3
1 to 10 percentile	-0.5054	-1.19	0.6184	1.42
Friends employed	0.5650	1.55	-1.5287	-4.26
Trust and reciprocity in informal networks	-0.0627	-0.82	-0.1884	-2.3
Perception of generalised reciprocity	0.0302	0.39	-0.0075	-0.09
Generalised trust	0.0558	0.91	0.0047	0.07
Trust of people in neighbourhood	-0.0930	-1.5	-0.1384	-1.98
Perception of reciprocity among people in neighbourhood	0.0098	0.18	0.1241	2.03
Confidence in institutions	-0.0687	-1.04	0.0358	0.49
Number of friends	-0.0017	-0.56	0.0054	1.57
Number of relatives and in-laws	-0.0004	-0.09	0.0042	0.89
Number of group memberships	-0.0050	-0.21	-0.0175	-0.62
Breadth of institutional ties	0.0779	1.64	-0.1418	-2.63
Density of friends network
A few or some friends know each other	-0.0658	-0.21	-0.2783	-0.83
Friends mostly know each other or all know each other	0.2371	0.75	-0.0289	-0.08
Education diversity of friendship network
Somewhat mixed levels of education	-0.3169	-1.32	-0.3236	-1.18
Very mixed levels of education	-0.3750	-1.31	-0.4058	-1.24
Linguistic diversity of friendship network	-0.2092	-0.62	-0.3866	-1
Constant	-0.2146	-0.14	8.0252	4.84
Number of observations	1113
Pseudo R2	0.2593

Table C2. Coefficient estimates of determinants of labour force status, social capital type model (model 2)

	Full-time		Not employed
	Coefficient	T-stat	Coefficient	T-stat
Age	0.1411	2.13	-0.2681	-3.82
Age²	-0.0020	-2.43	0.0034	4.02
Female	-0.4783	-1.25	-0.4115	-0.92
Less than Year 12	-0.5134	-1.73	-0.4882	-1.64
Trade	-0.1995	-0.65	-0.7429	-2.34
Degree	0.2256	0.81	-0.7957	-2.65
Rural	-0.1105	-0.46	0.2262	0.90
Poor health	-0.2579	-0.42	1.1188	2.09
Migrant from NESB country	-0.0808	-0.28	-0.0559	-0.18
Migrant from ESB country	-0.1271	-0.49	-0.2696	-0.92
Partner	0.0376	0.07	0.3385	0.56
Partner*female	-0.3827	-0.63	0.5767	0.84
Partner working	1.1520	2.20	-0.3442	-0.54
Partner working*female	-0.9162	-1.50	-0.8575	-1.21
Number children	0.3567	1.11	0.1593	0.40
Number children*female	-1.2276	-3.69	0.0295	0.07
Percentile of socioeconomic disadvantage (least to most disadvantaged)
76 to 90 percentile	0.0850	0.32	0.4732	1.55
51 to 75 percentile	0.2727	0.98	0.2817	0.86
26 to 50 percentile	0.2209	0.70	0.3109	0.87
11 to 25 percentile	0.0768	0.23	0.1478	0.39
1 to 10 percentile	-0.3523	-0.83	0.7618	1.75
Friends employed	0.7034	1.97	-1.5884	-4.59
Social capital clusters
Social capital rich	0.0885	0.39	-0.0320	-0.12
Informal emphasised	0.6039	2.34	0.2876	1.00
Social capital poor	-0.4523	-1.40	-0.0337	-0.09
Constant	-1.2922	-0.97	6.4502	4.60
Number of observations	1113
Pseudo R2	0.2533

Appendix D. Summary statistics for estimates of determinants of job search

Variable	Mean	Standard deviation
Age	39.823	10.448
Age²	1694.892	844.103
Female	0.663	0.473
Less than Year 12	0.207	0.406
Trade	0.188	0.391
Degree	0.462	0.499
Rural	0.152	0.360
Poor health	0.019	0.138
Migrant from NESB country	0.130	0.337
Migrant from ESB country	0.138	0.345
Unemployed in the previous two years	0.127	0.333
Percentile of socioeconomic disadvantage (least to most disadvantaged)
76 to 90 percentile	0.263	0.441
51 to 75 percentile	0.226	0.419
26 to 50 percentile	0.128	0.335
11 to 25 percentile	0.112	0.316
1 to 10 percentile	0.063	0.242
Friends employed	0.843	0.229
Trust and reciprocity in informal networks	8.465	1.250
Perception of generalised reciprocity	6.852	1.498
Generalised trust	6.424	1.877
Trust of people in neighbourhood	7.112	1.916
Perception of reciprocity among people in neighbourhood	6.454	2.222
Confidence in institutions	5.231	1.415
Number of friends	29.242	29.150
Number of relatives and in-laws	25.679	22.686
Number of group memberships	4.217	3.884
Breadth of institutional ties	3.833	2.094
Density of friends network
A few or some friends know each other	0.488	0.500
Friends mostly know each other or all know each other	0.408	0.492
Education diversity of friendship network
Somewhat mixed levels of education	0.586	0.493
Very mixed levels of education	0.183	0.387
Linguistic diversity of friendship network	0.202	0.279
Strong norms and civic connections	0.530	0.500
Social capital rich	0.196	0.398
Informal emphasised	0.205	0.404
Social capital poor	0.069	0.253
Number of observations	623

Appendix E. Multinomial logit estimates of determinants of job search method

Table E1. Coefficient estimates of determinants of job search method, core social capital measures (model 3)

	Direct contact with employer		Family or friends			Professional contact
	Coefficient	T-stat	Coefficient	T-stat		Coefficient	T-stat
Age	-0.0868	-1.11	-0.1123	-1.29		-0.0165	-0.2
Age²	0.0007	0.71	0.0011	1.06		0.0004	0.37
Female	-0.4184	-1.64	-0.1938	-0.66		-0.1267	-0.49
Less than Year 12	0.4555	1.1	0.0424	0.1		-0.4121	-0.92
Trade	0.2499	0.6	-0.0331	-0.08		0.0545	0.12
Degree	-0.2004	-0.54	-1.2054	-2.99		0.1922	0.52
Rural	0.7576	2.07	-0.6158	-1.34		0.6178	1.64
Poor health	1.2637	1.59	0.2836	0.23		-0.1896	-0.2
Migrant from NESB country	-0.5906	-1.64	-0.3548	-0.93		-0.4648	-1.3
Migrant from ESB country	0.5856	1.79	-0.2608	-0.64		-0.2173	-0.58
Unemployed in the previous two years	0.1705	0.51	-0.0245	-0.06		-0.8444	-1.97
Percentile of socioeconomic disadvantage (least to most disadvantaged)
76 to 90 percentile	0.6038	1.73	-0.2343	-0.61		0.0704	0.21
51 to 75 percentile	0.7682	2.03	0.6490	1.64		0.2457	0.66
26 to 50 percentile	0.0422	0.1	-0.0275	-0.06		-0.3225	-0.73
11 to 25 percentile	0.2021	0.44	-0.6488	-1.18		0.1364	0.32
1 to 10 percentile	-0.1230	-0.23	-0.8340	-1.29		-0.1023	-0.19
Friends employed	-0.3411	-0.67	0.1502	0.25		-0.0655	-0.12
Trust and reciprocity in informal networks	-0.0386	-0.4	0.0034	0.03		-0.0184	-0.18
Trust and reciprocity in informal networks	0.0951	0.94	0.0994	0.87		0.1635	1.54
Perception of generalised reciprocity	-0.0558	-0.69	-0.0229	-0.24		-0.0012	-0.01
Generalised trust	-0.0013	-0.02	0.0970	1		0.0287	0.33
Trust of people in neighbourhood	-0.0298	-0.4	0.0015	0.02		-0.0776	-1.07
Confidence in institutions	0.1080	1.24	0.0439	0.45		-0.0145	-0.17
Number of friends	0.0074	1.58	0.0048	0.86		0.0001	0.01
Number of relatives and in-laws	0.0029	0.52	-0.0094	-1.31		0.0044	0.83
Number of group memberships	-0.0142	-0.46	-0.0460	-1.22		0.0003	0.01
Breadth of institutional ties	-0.0138	-0.22	-0.0547	-0.75		0.1082	1.74
Density of friends network
A few or some friends know each other	-0.2866	-0.71	-0.3696	-0.83		0.5203	1.13
Friends mostly know each other or all know each other	-0.2675	-0.65	-0.3795	-0.83		0.4545	0.97
Education diversity of friendship network
Somewhat mixed levels of education	0.1499	0.52	0.8350		2.1	-0.0138	-0.05
Very mixed levels of education	0.3444	0.9	1.2517		2.66	0.5344	1.46
Linguistic diversity of friendship network	0.2072	0.5	0.2720		0.56	-0.2642	-0.62
Constant	1.7330	0.95	1.1653		0.55	-1.5824	-0.8
Number of observations	623
Pseudo R2	0.1045
LR chi2(96)	178.62

Table E2. Coefficient estimates of determinants of job search method, social capital type (model 4)

	Direct contact with employer		Family or friends			Professional contact
	Coefficient	T-stat	Coefficient	T-stat		Coefficient	T-stat
Age	-0.0835	-1.10	-0.1275	-1.50		0.0134	0.17
Age²	0.0006	0.68	0.0014	1.29		0.0001	0.09
Female	-0.3921	-1.59	-0.1186	-0.41		-0.0548	-0.22
Less than Year 12	0.4797	1.18	-0.0393	-0.09		-0.1490	-0.33
Trade	0.1261	0.30	0.0122	0.03		0.2459	0.55
Degree	-0.3183	-0.88	-1.6483	-4.16		0.4290	1.15
Rural	0.7841	2.28	-0.6870	-1.49		0.5000	1.41
Migrant from NESB country	-0.4052	-1.18	-0.4397	-1.15		-0.5917	-1.72
Migrant from ESB country	0.4441	1.40	-0.3689	-0.94		-0.3937	-1.12
Unemployed in the previous two years	0.2557	0.79	0.1577		0.43	-0.7070		-1.73
Percentile of socioeconomic disadvantage (least to most disadvantaged)
76 to 90 percentile	0.3829	1.15	-0.2100	-0.56		0.0519	0.16
51 to 75 percentile	0.5247	1.45	0.4540	1.16		0.1681	0.47
26 to 50 percentile	-0.3959	-0.91	-0.2025	-0.44		-0.3473	-0.82
11 to 25 percentile	0.0027	0.01	-0.8504	-1.58		0.1315	0.32
1 to 10 percentile	-0.3340	-0.66	-1.0134	-1.64		-0.4634	-0.89
Friends employed	-0.1166	-0.23	0.3127	0.53		-0.0253	-0.05
Social capital clusters
Social capital rich	0.3341	1.13	-0.1605	-0.44		0.2236	0.77
Informal emphasised	0.1818	0.59	0.1551	0.44		0.6027	2.01
Social capital poor	-0.2995	-0.63	0.4864	1.10		-0.9717	-1.63
Constant	2.1635	1.38	2.9828	1.72		-0.9357	-0.55
Number of observations	624
Pseudo R2	0.0852
LR chi2(57)	145.96