Research report no.4 2000

Pathways from infancy to adolescence: Australian Temperament Project 1983-2000

by Margot Prior, Ann Sanson, Diana Smart, and Frank Oberklaid

Measures and instruments used in the Australian Temperament Project

1. 1983: 4-8 MONTHS

Parent (N = 2443)

  1. Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire
    Carey, W. B. & McDevitt, S. D. (1978). Revision of the Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Paediatrics, 60, 735-739.
    Sanson, A., Prior, M., Oberklaid, F., Garino, E., & Sewell, J. (1987). The structure of infant temperament: Factor analysis of the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 10, 97-104.
  2. Mother's Overall Rating of the Child's Temperament (MOR) (ATP devised measure)
  3. Behaviour Problems (ATP devised measure)
  4. Family Demographic Details: birth order, number of children in family, marital status, living arrangements, parents' occupational and educational level, ethnic background.

Infant Welfare Sister (N = 2443)

  1. Nurse's Overall Rating of the Child's Temperament (ATP devised measure)
  2. Rating of Mother-Baby Pair Relationship (ATP devised measure)
  3. Birth and Developmental History (ATP devised measure)

2. 1984: 1-2 YEARS (two-thirds of sample)

Parent (N = 1279)

  1. Toddler Temperament Questionnaire
    Fullard, W., McDevitt, S. C. & Carey, W. B. (1984). Assessing temperament in one to three-year old children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 9, 205-216.
    Sewell, J., Oberklaid, F., Prior, M., Sanson, A., & Kyrios, M. (1988). Temperament in Australian toddlers. Australian Paediatric Journal, 24, 343-345.
  2. MOR (as above)(ATP devised measure)
  3. Behaviour Problems Checklist (BPC) (ATP devised measure)
  4. Family Demographic Details (as above)

3. 1985: 2-3 YEARS (two-thirds of sample)

Parent (N = 1360)

  1. Toddler Temperament Questionnaire
    Fullard, W., McDevitt, S. C. & Carey, W. B. (1984). Assessing temperament in one to three-year old children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 9, 205-216.
    Sewell, J., Oberklaid, F., Prior, M., Sanson, A., & Kyrios, M. (1988). Temperament in Australian toddlers. Australian Paediatric Journal, 24, 343-345.
  2. MOR (as above) (ATP devised measure)
  3. Behaviour Problems Checklist (BPC) (ATP devised measure)
  4. Behaviour Checklist
    Richman, N., Stevenson, J., & Graham, P. J. (1982). From pre-school to school: A behavioural study. London, UK: Academic Press.
  5. Aggression Questionnaire
    Arnold, G. (1984). Aggression Questionnaire (unpublished scale in Master of Psychology Thesis, LaTrobe University.)
  6. Family Demographic Details (as above)

4. 1986: 3-4 YEARS

Parent (N = 1716)

  1. Childhood Temperament Questionnaire
    Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
    Sanson, A., Smart, D., Prior, M., Oberklaid, F., & Pedlow, R. (1994). The structure of temperament from three to seven years: Age, sex and sociodemographic differences. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 233-252.
  2. Behar Pre-school Behaviour Questionnaire
    Behar, L., & Stringfield, S. (1974). A behavioral rating scale for the pre-school child. Developmental Psychology, 10, 601-610.
  3. Aggression Questionnaire
    Arnold, G. (1984). Aggression Questionnaire (as above)
  4. Ratings of Physical and Language Development and Problems (ATP devised measure)
  5. Family Demographic Details (as above)

5. 1988: 5-6 YEARS

Parent (N = 1581)

  1. Childhood Temperament Questionnaire
    Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
    Sanson, A., Smart, D., Prior, M., Oberklaid, F., & Pedlow, R. (1994). The structure of temperament from three to seven years: Age, sex and sociodemographic differences. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 233-252.
  2. MOR (as above) (ATP devised measure)

  3. Rutter Problem Behaviour Questionnaire
    4. Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.
  4. Child Health Questionnaire
    Eisen, M., Donald, C. A., Ware, J. E., Brook, R. H. (1980) Conceptualization and measurement of health for children in the health insurance study. Santa Monica, California: The Rand Corporation. R-2313-HEW.
  5. Family Demographic Details (as above)

Teacher (N = 1428)

  1. Teacher Temperament Questionnaire
    Keogh, B., Pullis, M. E. & Cadwell, J. (1982). A short form of the Teacher Temperament Questionnaire. Journal of Educational Measurement, 19, 323-329.
  2. Teachers Overall Rating (TOR) (ATP devised measure)
  3. Rutter Problem Behaviour Questionnaire
    Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.
  4. School Readiness Questionnaire (ATP devised measure)

6. 1990: 7-8 YEARS

Parent (N = 1727)

  1. Childhood Temperament Questionnaire
    Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
    Sanson, A., Smart, D., Prior, M., Oberklaid, F., & Pedlow, R. (1994). The structure of temperament from three to seven years: Age, sex and sociodemographic differences. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 233-252.
  2. MOR (as above) (ATP devised measure)
  3. Rutter Problem Behaviour Questionnaire
    Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.
  4. Child Health Questionnaire
    Eisen, M., Donald, C. A., Ware, J. E., Brook, R. H. (1980) Conceptualization and measurement of health for children in the health insurance study. Santa Monica, California: The Rand Corporation. R-2313-HEW.
  5. Life Events Scale
    Smith, J., & Prior, M. (1995). Temperament and stress resilience in school-age children: A within families study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 168-179.
  6. Family Demographic Details

Teacher (N = 1264)

  1. Teacher Temperament Questionnaire
    Keogh, B., Pullis, M. E. & Cadwell, J. (1982). A short form of the Teacher Temperament Questionnaire. Journal of Educational Measurement, 19, 323-329.
  2. TOR (as above) (ATP devised measure)
  3. Rutter Problem Behaviour Questionnaire (as above)
    Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.
  4. Interpersonal Competence Scale
    Cairns, R. B. & Cairns, B. D. (1984). Predicting aggressive patterns in girls and boys: A developmental study. Aggressive Behaviour, 11, 227-242.
  5. School Functions Questionnaire (ATP devised measure)
  6. ACER Word Knowledge Test
    Australian Council for Educational Research (1969). Primary Reading Survey, Word Knowledge Test. Level BB. Melbourne, Australia: ACER.

7. 1992: 9-10 YEARS

(N = 1536)

  1. EAS Temperament Questionnaire
    Buss, A., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  2. MOR (as above) (ATP devised measure)
  3. Rutter Problem Behaviour Questionnaire
    Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.
  4. Social Behaviour Questionnaire
    Over, R. (1992). Social Behaviour Questionnaire (unpublished scale)
  5. Mentor Relationship (ATP devised measure)
  6. Family Demographic Details (as above)

8. 1994: 11-12 YEARS

Parent (N = 1469)

  1. School-Age Temperament Questionnaire
    McClowry, S. G. (1995). The development of the School-Age Temperament Inventory. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 271-285.
  2. MOR (as above) (ATP devised measure)
  3. Rutter Problem Behaviour Questionnaire
    Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.
  4. Social Skills Rating System
    Gresham F.M., & Elliott, S.N. (1990). Manual for the Social Skills Rating System. Circle Pines MN: American Guidance Service.
  5. Peer Relationships
    Short Form of Peers scale from Walker, H. M., & McConnell, S. R. (1988). Walker- McConnell Scale of Social Competence and School Adjustment. Austin TX: Pro-Ed.
  6. Deviant Peer Associations
    Adapted from Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Anti-social Boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
  7. Child Health Questionnaire (as above)
    Eisen, M., Donald, C. A., Ware, J. E., Brook, R. H. (1980) Conceptualization and measurement of health for children in the health insurance study. Santa Monica, California: The Rand Corporation. R-2313-HEW.
  8. Mentor Relationship (ATP devised measure)
  9. Parental Monitoring (ATP devised measure)
  10. Family Demographic Details (as above)

Teacher (N = 1232)

  1. Teacher Temperament
    Keogh, B., Pullis, M. E. & Cadwell, J. (1982). A short form of the Teacher Temperament Questionnaire. Journal of Educational Measurement, 19, 323-329.
  2. Rutter Problem Behaviour Questionnaire
    Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.
  3. Social Skills Rating System
    Gresham F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Manual for the Social Skills Rating System. Circle Pines MN: American Guidance Service.
  4. Peer Relationships
    Short Form of Peers scale from Walker, H. M., & McConnell, S. R. (1988). Walker- McConnell Scale of Social Competence and School Adjustment. Austin TX: Pro-Ed.
  5. ACER Word Knowledge Test
    Australian Council for Educational Research (1972). Primary Reading Survey, Word Knowledge Test. Level D Form R. Melbourne, Australia: ACER.

Child (N = 1453)

  1. Self-Concept
    Marsh, H. W., Barnes, J., Cairns, L., & Tidman, M. (1984). Self-Description Questionnaire: Age and sex effects in the structure and level of self-concept for pre-adolescent children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 940-956.
  2. Berndt Friendship Questionnnaire
    Berndt, T. J., & Perry, R. B. (1986). Children's perceptions of friendships as supportive relationships. Developmental Psychology, 22, 640-648.
  3. Social Skills Rating System
    Gresham F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Manual for the Social Skills Rating System. Circle Pines MN: American Guidance Service.
  4. ATP adaptation of Rutter Problem Behaviour Questionnaire
    Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.

9. 1995: 12-13 YEARS

Parent (N = 1274)

  1. School-Age Temperament Questionnaire
    McClowry, S. G. (1995). The development of the School-Age Temperament Inventory. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 271-285.
  2. MOR (as above) (ATP devised measure)
  3. Rutter Problem Behaviour Questionnaire
    Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.
  4. Academic & Social Progress at School (ATP devised measure)
  5. Eating Behaviours Inventory (Short Form )
    Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 15-34.
  6. Parent-Child Communication (ATP devised measure)
  7. Parental Monitoring (ATP devised measure)
  8. Family Demographic Details (as above)

Child (N = 1228)

  1. Self-Concept (re physical appearance)
    Marsh, H. W., Barnes, J., Cairns, L., & Tidman, M. (1984). Self-Description Questionnaire: Age and sex effects in the structure and level of self-concept for pre-adolescent children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 940-956.
  2. Social Skills Rating System
    Gresham F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Manual for the Social Skills Rating System. Circle Pines MN: American Guidance Service.
  3. Rutter Problem Behaviour Questionnaire
    Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.
  4. Academic and Social Progress at School (ATP devised measure)
  5. Eating Behaviours Inventory (Short Form)
    6. Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 15-34.
  6. Child Communication Patterns (ATP devised measure)

10. 1996: 13-14 YEARS

Parent (N = 1391)

  1. School-Age Temperament Questionnaire
    McClowry, S. G. (1995). The development of the School-Age Temperament Inventory. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 271-285.
  2. MOR (as above) (ATP devised measure)
  3. Revised Behaviour Problem Checklist
    Quay, H. C. & Peterson, D. R. (1987). Manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Odessa, FL: PAR Inc.
  4. Social Skills Rating System
    Gresham F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Manual for the Social Skills Rating System. Circle Pines MN: American Guidance Service.
  5. Peer Relationships (ATP devised measure)
  6. Deviant Peer Associations
    Adapted from Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Anti-social Boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia
  7. Academic and Social Progress at School (ATP devised measure)
  8. Parenting Practices Questionnaire (ATP devised measure)
  9. Pubertal Development (ATP devised measure)
  10. Family Demographic Details (as above)
  11. Parental Smoking and Drinking Habits (ATP devised measure)

Child (N = 1358)

  1. Social Skills Rating System
    Gresham F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Manual for the Social Skills Rating System. Circle Pines MN: American Guidance Service.
  2. Revised Behaviour Problem Checklist
    ATP adaptation, Quay, H. C. & Peterson, D. R. (1987). Manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Odessa, FL: PAR Inc.
  3. Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire
    Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Messer, E. C. (1995). Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 5, 237-49.
  4. Academic and Social Progress at School (ATP devised measure)
  5. Inventory of Peer Attachment (Short Form)
    Armsden, G. C. & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological wellbeing in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427-54.
  6. Deviant Peers (ATP devised measure)
  7. Friendship Quality (ATP devised measure)
  8. Inventory of Family Attachment (Short Form)
    Armsden, G. C. & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological wellbeing in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427-454.
  9. Delinquency Short Form
    Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1988). Self-reported delinquency: Results from an instrument for New Zealand. Australian & NZ Jnl Criminology, 21, 227-240.
  10. Smoking, Drinking and Other Drug Use (ATP devised measure)
  11. Curiosity Scale
    Ainley, M. D. (1987). The factor structure of curiosity measures: Breadth and depth of interest curiosity styles. Australian Journal of Psychology, 39, 53-59.
  12. Emotional Control (ATP devised measure)

11. 1998: 15-16 YEARS

Parent

  1. School-Age Temperament Questionnaire
    McClowry, S. G. (1995). The development of the School-Age Temperament Inventory. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 271-285.
  2. Five Factor Personality Questionnaire
    Lanthier, R. P., & Bates, J. E. (1995). Infancy era predictors of the big five personality dimensions in adolescence. Paper presented at the 1995 Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
  3. MOR (as above) (ATP devised measure)
  4. Revised Behaviour Problem Checklist
    Quay, H. C. & Peterson, D. R. (1987). Manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Odessa, FL: PAR Inc.
  5. Teenager Substance Use
    Adapted from Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Anti-social Boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
  6. Peer Relationships (ATP devised measure)
  7. Deviant Peer Associations
    Adapted from Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Anti-social Boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
  8. Social Skills Rating System
    Gresham F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Manual for the Social Skills Rating System. Circle Pines MN: American Guidance Service.
  9. Social Responsibility and Citizenship (ATP devised measure)
  10. Academic and Social Progress at School (ATP devised measure)
  11. Parenting Practices Questionnaire (ATP devised measure)
  12. Mentor Relationships (ATP devised measure)
  13. Teenager Eating Behaviours and Body Size (Short Form)
    Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 15-34.
  14. Family Demographic Details

Teenager

  1. Five Factor Personality Questionnaire
    Lanthier, R. P., & Bates, J. E. (1995). Infancy era predictors of the big five personality dimensions in adolescence. Paper presented at the 1995 Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
  2. Social Skills Rating System
    Gresham F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Manual for the Social Skills Rating System. Circle Pines MN: American Guidance Service.
  3. Social responsibility and Citizenship (ATP devised measure)
  4. Revised Behaviour Problem Checklist (ATP adaptation of Quay & Peterson)
  5. Short form of Revised Manifest Anxiety Scale
    Reynolds, C. R. & Richmond, B. O. (1997) What I think and feel: A revised measure of Children's manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 15-20.
  6. Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire
    Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Messer, E. C. (1995). Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 5, 237-249.
  7. Life at School (Short Form)
    ACER School Life Questionnaire 1984. Reported in Ainley, J., Reed, R., & Miller, H. (1986). School organisation and the quality of schooling: A study of Victorian Government secondary schools. ACER Research Monograph Number 29.
  8. Deviant Peer Associations (ATP devised measure)
  9. Friendship Quality (ATP devised measure)
  10. Delinquency (Short Form)
    Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1988). Self-reported delinquency: Results from an instrument for New Zealand. Australian & NZ Jnl Criminology, 21, 227-240.
  11. Smoking, Drinking and Other Drug Use (ATP devised measure)
  12. Sensation Seeking
    Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  13. Emotional Control (ATP devised measure)
  14. Eating Behaviours and Body Image (Short Form)
    Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 15-34.

 


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